【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforthePreparationofSubstituteOceanWater
【原文标准名称】:海水代用品
【标准号】:ASTMD1141-1998
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1998
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)
【起草单位】:ASTM
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:海水;规范(验收);水
【英文主题词】:Seawater;Specification(approval);Water
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:Z16
【国际标准分类号】:13_060_10
【页数】:3P;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforOpen-ChannelMeasurementofTimeofTravelUsingDyeTracers
【原文标准名称】:使用染料示踪剂明渠测量行程时间标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD5613-1994(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1994
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D19.07
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:dispersion;fluorometry;mixing;surfacewater;time-of-travel;tracers;Dispersion;Dyetracers;Fieldtesting--water;Flowandflowrate--water;Fluorometricdetermination;Lateraldispersion;Longitudinaldispersion;Openchannelflow--water;Solutes;
【摘要】:Purpose:Thistestmethodcoverstheuseoffluorescentdyetracersinstreamstodeterminetheratethatasolutemovesalongastreamlineforagivenriverreachandtherateatwhichasolutedispersesasitmovesdownstream.Accuratemeasurementsofastream''svelocityanddispersioncoefficientthatcanbedeterminedbyatracerstudyareimportantparametersforwater-qualitymodels.Determinedinadvancetopotentialspilledorreleasednoxioussubstances,velocityanddispersionratesareusedtopredictthetimeofarrival,passagetime,andmaximumconcentration.Publichealthofficialsneedthisinformationtodecidewhether,when,andhowlongtosuspendoperationsofpublicwater-supplyintakesinthereachdownstreamofaspill.Assumptions:Thistestmethodassumesthatthedyetracerbehavesinthesamemannerasthewaterinwhichitisinjected.Dispersionandmixingofthetracerinthereceivingriveroccurinallthreedimensionsofthechannel.Longitudinalmixingisunendingsinceboundariesdonotexistinthisdirection.Thetracerresponsecurveatapointdownstreamfromthepointoftracerinjectioncanberepresentedbyplottingthetracerconcentrationagainstelapsedtimesincetheinjection(Fig.1).Atracerresponsecurvehasfourimportantcharacteristics:theelapsedtimetotheresponsecurve''sleadingedge;elapsedtimetotheresponsecurve''speakconcentration;elapsedtimetotheresponsecurve''scentroid;andelapsedtimetoresponsecurvetrailingedgeat2%ofthepeakconcentration.Betweentwomonitoringlocationsseparatedbyalongstreamlength,thetime-of-travelforindividualresponsecurvecharacteristicsisthedifferenceintheelapsedtimessinceinjectionforthatcharacteristicatthetwolocations.Thedurationortimeofpassageofatracerresponsecurveataparticularriverlocationisthedifferencebetweentheslowesttrailingedgeelapsedtimesinceinjectionandtheearliestleadingedgeelapsedtimesinceinjectiondeterminedinthecrosssection.Tracers:Conservativetracersusedtoinvestigatefluidmotionaregenerallyextrinsic,artificial,andchemicalsubstancesandareusuallyclassifiedaccordingtothemethodsofdetectionusedandchemicalcomposition.Propertiestobeconsideredwhenselectingatracerforastudyincludedetectability,toxicity,solubility,cost,naturalbackgroundconcentration,andsorptioncharacteristics.FluorescentdyetracerssuchasRhodamineWT,pontacylpink,andacidyellow7aregenerallygoodchemicaltracers.RhodamineWThasthemostnumerousqualitiespreferredbymanystateandfederalagenciesforopen-channelstudies.Othertracerscanbeusedwhenwater-qualityorphysicalconditionsarenotsuitablefortheuseoffluorescentdyesinaproposedstudyreach.Theseincludesalt-basedchemicaltracerssuchassodiumchloride,radioactivetracerssuchastritium,andtracersdeterminedwithneutronactivationanalysissuchasbromineandlithium(3).Thesetracersareconsideredtobegenerallyconservativeand,intermsofthistestmethod,differprimarilyintheapparatusrequiredtomeasuretheconcentrationsinthestudyreach.Discussionsinsubsequentsectionswillbelimitedtofluorescentdyebecauseofthesimplicityoffluorometricanalysis.Differenttracersrequirevariedlevelsofpermitsbeforebeingintroducedintotheenvironment.Forexample,radioactivetracersrequirepermitsfromtheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)andusuallystateandlocalpermits.Fluorescentdyetracersdonotusuallyrequireformalpermitsforuseinastudy.